Natural Gas

Natural Gas:- One of the alternative energy sources for oil fuels high-efficiency low-cost, low-emissions pollute the environment, natural gas energy supplier for the initial task of Chemical Industry.

Since ancient times people observed in several places in the world, such as Dagestan, Turkmenistan, on the Caspian Sea, in the home of the Red Indians of North America Oblac mountains of fire "burning down and coming out of the ground did not know then that that is what is now known as the" natural gas. "
Was used, "natural gas" in "China" as a fuel since 250 AD, and in the seventeenth century was used for heating and lighting in the north of "Italy", as used for street lighting in England in the eighteenth century AD, but was often treated exhaust . Old and could not be moved or stored, which led to its use in areas close to the fields of production, and with a significant growth in the manufacture of "oil" in the nineteenth and twenty-treated "natural gas" outside with the "oil" exhaust and it is usually burned, Now the burning "natural gas" criminal law in many countries of the world.

Consists of natural gas from the plankton, which micro-organisms include algae and the initial died and accumulated in the layers of the oceans and land, and Andguett remains under layers of sediment. And across the millennia, pressure and temperature resulting from a transfer of these sedimentary layers of organic material to natural gas, natural gas does not vary much from DO in the other fossil fuels such as coal and oil.
After forming out in the earth's crust leaking natural gas and oil slowly to the pits small porous rocks that are nearby warehouses to save the raw, and because these rocks are usually filled with water, oil and natural gas - both lighter than water and less dense than the surrounding rock - they move up through the earth's crust over long distances sometimes.

Global reserves of natural gas:-

It is clear that global demand for gas has accelerated greatly exceeded the capacity of many countries to develop the means of production, consistent with the rates of increase in demand, which increases by 3% annually, creating a multiplier applied by the producing countries and consuming countries and in parallel, this led to the cumulative global consumption of natural gas to more than 100 trillion cubic feet of natural gas until 2010, and is expected to increase global demand for the 160 trillion cubic feet until 2030.
And reach the total natural gas reserves in the world - according to figures in 2005 - for about 6112 trillion cubic feet, and the largest reserves of natural gas in the world, in Russia Federation, the amount of U.S. 1680 trillion cubic feet.

Gas production and processing:-

Extract natural gas from wells similar to oil wells there are a lot of gas concentrations at a distance from the beach and transport gas from tube production platforms to the assembly point bordering on the beach and then to the refinery where purified. In the first stage of purification, water continues to Wye other means of gas by gravity then passes through the dry gas cooler where Itsel propane and collecting. And marketed as liquefied petroleum gas as raw materials for the manufacture of chemicals or bottled fuel for heaters and cooking stoves in the home. What is left of natural gas can be pumped through the supply network, or converted to liquid-cooled, pressure, and marketed as liquefied natural gas flow.

Forms of presence of natural gas:-

1-Non-Associated Gases.
2-Associated Gases.
3-Industrial and commercial gas:Inert Gas,Acid Gas,Natural Gas Liquids,Liquefied Natural Gas,
Liquefied Petroleum Gas,Natural Gasoline,Condensate.

Information Security

Information Security: - science that works to provide protection of information from the risks that threaten or attack through providing the necessary tools and means available to protect information from internal or external risks. Standards and procedures taken to prevent access to information by unauthorized persons through communication and to ensure the authenticity of such communications.

The security of information is old, but began to be used effectively since the development of technology and:-

1-Operating systems, protection systems.
2-Protection systems programs and applications.
3-Systems, protection of databases.
4- Access protection systems.

The simplest types of protection is the use of a person who used the definition of use and reliability, legitimacy and the means designed to ensure the use of system or network of the person authorized to use and includes community types of passwords, smart cards used for the definition, the definition of biological means of which depends on the specific attributes of a person related to the user built Diversity keys encrypted and can join this community to close the so-called electronic delineate areas of force.
We note from the above that all this technology has reached the world can not live without the security of information For example, the banking system if there is no security information could any person that enters the system and change up and become a millionaire from nothing.

Classified information:-

To know the degree of protection should be provided, information is classified according to their importance, it is this information does not require protection at all, and can be obtained from want, and which require a degree of protection and can be obtained a certain amount of people, and of which requires the maximum protection and can not be obtained only by one person.

Means of protection:-

Should be prepared by each institution has its own way to provide information security risk within the limits of potential regulatory and budget allocated for protection, and should not be a weak security measures can not guarantee the required protection and not be exaggerated to some extent affect the performance of services in the nature of the information system.

The adoption of information security and auditing:-


Become information systems, databases and networks backbone of world knowledge and industrial, financial, health and other sectors. It became important to maintain the security of the information of the three main elements: confidentiality, propriety and continuity. At the global level highlights of ISO accreditation, evaluation and standardization 27001 to ensure the security of information. There is also a system of HIPAA in the United States to ensure the security of health information system of the ISACA COBIT for the security of information.

Certification of information security experts:-

CISA is the information systems auditor approved one of the leading certification in the management information systems. It is also CISSP certified information security expert testimony supported a task in information security. There are also specialized certificates in most large companies to customize the security of information, such as Microsoft, Cisco and other companies.

Includes the purpose of the preparation of a strategy to ensure security of information provide the following basic elements provide adequate protection of information and systems:-

1-Confidentiality:- to ensure that the information can not be accessed or obtained by the parties are not allowed to do so.
2-Identified:- to ensure the identity of the user of information systems when he wants to deal with, and verify that it is the same user.
3-Safety content-: Make sure that the information is correct and has not been modified.
4-Continuity:- Ensure the maintenance of the information system all the components of computers and software and communication equipment and others, and provide services to beneficiaries.
5-Non-repudiation: the uncertainty of which has something connected with information and the inability to deny having actually this work.
Such as electronic signature and electronic authentication.

Iron high flexibility

Japan researchers designed alloy steel high flexibility can be used in advanced heart surgery and brain in the construction of buildings, an earthquake zone.

The researchers pointed out that the high flexibility of the metal to allow him back into shape and provide him with additional attributes such as flexibility and change in the magnetic stress and the rate of alloy steel is nearly twice the rate of nickel and titanium can be used stents are placed in the tubes of blood vessels to prevent obstruction.

The T. Aomori researcher at the Faculty of Engineering at Tohoku University and a member of the research team, that the rate of stress is very high in the alloy and therefore can be converted to a very high wire he can access the internal part of the body like the brain to the stent. Aomori and added that high-iron alloy flexibility may also be used for buildings in areas prone to earthquakes and earthquake distorts the buildings, but alloy high flexibility to return the buildings to its origin.

electronic trading

The definition of electronic trading:-E-business, but generally what people think it is just a trade or sale of goods over the Internet, e-business is a process to involve Information Technology, especially the Internet in transactions between the client and the service provider and also involving them in the process of marketing and product innovation, which fit in the cycle of production, this would be at best the beginning of supplier of raw materials and the end user customer.
or:-"Implementation of all operations related to buying and selling goods and services and information using the Internet, in addition to other global trading networks,".

E-commerce expression that can divide it into two sections:-

1-"trade", which refers to economic activity is through the circulation of goods and services between governments, institutions and individuals and is governed by several rules and regulations can be argued that an internationally recognized.
2-"Electronic" refers to a description of the area of trade performance, and is intended to perform commercial activity using media and electronic methods such as the Internet.

Characteristics of e-commerce:-

1-There is no use of paper documents exchanged and used to make and implement commercial transactions, and that the processes of interaction and exchange between dealers are conducted electronically and are not using any type of securities.
2-Can be handled through the application of e-commerce with more than one party at the same time.
3-Interaction between the two dealers e-commerce by the communications network, and distinguishes this method is a high degree of interactivity is that the parties at the same time online on the web.
4-The lack of joint coordination between all States in order to coordinate the issuance of a specific law of each country taking into account the laws of other countries, and this in turn impede the universal application of electronic commerce.
5-Can be buying and selling of non-physical goods, directly and through the communications network.
6-The use of computer systems available in the business for the flow of data between the two parties to be there without any direct intervention of manpower help to complete the business process at low cost and high efficiency.

Forms of e-commerce:-

1-E-commerce between businesses.
2-E-commerce between the enterprise and consumer.
3-E-commerce between the enterprise and the government.
4-E-commerce between the consumer and the government.

Levels of e-commerce:-

1-E-commerce low-level:-
This type of e-commerce promotion of goods and services, in addition to advertising for such goods and services, including services before and after the sale.
2-E-commerce with advanced level:-
The focus of this type on the processes and procedures for payment over the Internet, which is practically the same level of awareness needs to be a big part of dealers at this level.

Statistics:-

The volume of electronic commerce in the world, about $ 3.8 trillion in 2003, according to UN estimates, the figure has doubled to reach $ 6.8 trillion at the end of 2004, although about 80% of the volume of world trade is in the United States, 155 in Western Europe, 5% in the rest of the world, most of them, or about 4% of which are in Japan.

Barriers to the use of e-commerce:-

1-Low level of per capita income.
2-Lack of awareness of what can be provided by information technology and e-commerce.
3-Inadequate infrastructure for wireless access to the Internet or the high cost of access to the Internet.
4-The lack of legal frameworks and regulatory.
5-Not use the local language and local content.
6-Lack of individual initiative.
7-The lack of payment systems can be in its role to support business transactions conducted on the Internet.
8-Cultural resistance to e-commerce on the Internet.

Forex

The word "Forex":- refers to the foreign exchange market or the global stock of foreign exchange, the abbreviation of the term economic foreign language "Foreign Exchange Market",A market extends throughout the world where the disposal of currency by several participants, such as international banks and international institutions and financial markets and individual traders.

Stock Exchange or the stock market:-Market, but they differ from other markets, it does not display do not have in most cases, goods and commodities, but the goods are sold by the real assets, but not securities or financial assets, and often these goods stocks and bonds.

Date currency market:-

Some scholars say that the Forex market due to the Babylonians in terms of its foundations and principles. In those times traders were exchanging goods for other items. When the world entered into the age of minerals, gold and silver has become one of the most heavily traded commodities. With the entry of regimes and governments that made coins, trade has become the most important minerals of economic instruments by States. Because of the magnitude of the metals market and the involvement of governments have enacted laws which reduced the traders in this market, which was do I cause the economic crisis in the U.S. twenty and thirty years of the twentieth century.
Born in 1931 the foreign exchange market or forex is known today. Despite the passage of so many years but that the word Forex is still not mean a lot to people in the world, especially for traders and businessmen, and they do not know fall under the branch of stock trading in the global economy.

Stock markets exist in all countries of the world, each with its specialization and exchange. In addition to the currency market, there are other types of exchanges such as: gold, silver, oil stocks, shares and bonds, agricultural and energy.
There are two types of stock exchanges: - direct stock exchange, stock exchanges across the networks, FX tracking in stock exchanges across the networks (through the telephone connection and Internet computer at one time among hundreds of banks around the world). This is why the magnitude of the currency market, there are hundreds of millions of dollars bought and sold every few seconds. And currency exchanges are also characterized by various indicators and technical analysis, news analysis and rapid access to the profits.

Features forex market:-

Financial analysts estimated daily volume of currency trading in the Forex market at about $ 3 trillion (3 trillion dollars a day), where hundreds of millions of dollars bought and sold every few seconds.
And are traded by buying and selling major currencies which have the basic share from operations in the forex market is the U.S. dollar (USD) the base currency and the euro (EUR) and Sterling (GBP) and Swiss franc (CHF) and Japanese Yen (JPY), Australian dollar ( AUD), Canadian Dollar (CAD) and the currencies of other Arab and foreign countries.
Unlike several markets spread in the market, the currency market is not a market of elite capable of dealing with only a few people, but lack of interest in media coverage of economic activities, trade currency to make this market away from the public. Even people who do not have experience in dealing with the Internet and computer, they can trade through telephone calls to brokerage firms.

Of trading in the currency market:-

Are buying and selling of different currencies in U.S. dollars or other currencies among themselves, which defines the currency pairs as opposed to the U.S. dollar or any currency against another currency value. The currency trading earn from trade in the stock exchanges.
Rates are large multi-currency changes, which helps to do some business operations during a single day. It is known that decreases the influence over the financial markets, which could lead to the collapse of stock or bonds. The forex market decline in the dollar (for example) means the price rise of the second currency and there is no such mention the collapse of the stock or bonds.
Forex market combining four regional markets: Australian and Asian, European and American. And continue operations where all trading days of work and the market closes on Saturday and Sunday, and the market operates around the clock 24 hours a day. And the relative calm from 20:00 until 01:00 GMT, and is attributed to the closure of the New York Stock Exchange eighth in the evening and the start of the Tokyo Stock Exchange work at one o'clock in the morning.

Of the most important features of trading in the forex market in addition to the rapid variability is margin trading, a trade deal with so-called (trade margin) which you booked a small amount from your account (1000 dollars) for purchase (100000) dollars, called the Procurement Unit (Lute) and win or lose by the movement of currency or commodity or metal which is purchased or sold him, and this type of trading (even if it looks simple) is one of the most profitable types of trading where you can earn a significant profit during the few seconds a result of economic news or raise the rate of interest and download or a natural disaster or other causes of economic and other, and important characteristics of the currency market is characteristic balance despite the fact that this seems strange. Everyone knows that the fundamental characteristic of the financial market is the sudden nosedive. However, the Forex market is different from the stock market in that it does not fall.

Tips for the novice Forex:-

1-Prepare yourself and optimism trades conducted by when convinced.
2-Do not overdo this, and the most important reactions in both the profit or loss and try to maintain your style and behavior.
3-Should learn to grasp the opportunities.
4-InterWorx and your profits can make you bankrupt.
5-Always remember you are the only person responsible for the profit and loss in trading.
6-Learn from your mistakes and the mistakes of others and Make it between your eyes even for a retrospect again.
7-Remember to analyze the market closing price each day compared to the highest and the lowest price.
8-Do not buy just because the price is low or sell just because the price high.
9-Not miss your time in remorse over lost opportunities The market exists and the opportunities present every day.

These are some tips that I liked to benefit the beginner and rolling so that there is awareness and understanding of this large market.

Global warming

The definition of global warming:-Gradual and continuous increase of the average temperature of the Earth's surface and oceans of water, leading to changes in climate may reach catastrophic levels with time.

What are the causes of global warming?

Climate scientists studied this phenomenon for decades, and have a thorough analysis of the courses and the natural phenomena that affect the formation change. Shows a result he can not explain the pattern and amount of increase in temperature of the Earth Based on these factors alone, and we must take the impact of greenhouse gases generated by the human mind, greenhouse emissions from fuel combustion contribute to the worsening problem of global warming.

What are greenhouse gases?

A group of greenhouse gases generated by the rights in different ways, mostly produced by burning fossil fuels, coal and oil in cars, factories and power plants. The carbon dioxide (CO2) gas to heat the Earth more important because of the large quantities resulting from the combustion processes. Followed by methane (CH4) resulting from the fermentation processes in the food industry, agriculture and waste dumps, and nitrous oxide gas (N2O) resulting from the industry, fertilizers, gases used in refrigeration and other industrial processes, and finally the removal of forests, which store a great deal of carbon dioxide gas if remained alive.
Vary in their ability of these gases on global warming than carbon dioxide. Valmithan nitrous oxide and refrigerant gases differ in their ability to store thermal energy for carbon dioxide, the equivalent of 20 and 300, and a few thousand times, respectively. However, due to the small quantities of other gases in the atmosphere, their impact on heating the earth remains limited compared with carbon dioxide.

How do greenhouse gases to warm the earth?

Penetrating rays of the sun visible, with a relatively short wavelength, atmosphere of the Earth, and is working to heat the surface and oceans. In contrast, infrared, long wave, which is emitted from the surface of Earth and its waters back They reflect mostly from the atmosphere back to Earth absorbs and thus gradually raise the temperature above the average on an ongoing basis. Greenhouse gases and play a key role in that disturbed the balance of natural uncommon for the temperature of the earth, and increased gradually heated.

What is the increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases since 1750? It is the countries responsible for that?.

The increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases since 1750 in the following order: -

Carbon dioxide( CO2) 36%.

Methane( CH4) 148%.

Gas nitrous oxide( N2O) 18%.

It is responsible for this first-class United States and Europe, the cradle of the industrial revolution and technological progress marched rapidly after World War II, and the discovery of the enormous resources of fossil fuels coal, oil and natural gas. Is equivalent to what launched the United States from greenhouse gases alone, the total launched by South America, Africa, the Middle East, Japan, and Asia. The United States launched in 2007 seven billion tons of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere of the Earth.
And is expected to equal the emissions of greenhouse gases for the second with the industrialized world by the year 2015, and is expected to increase after the thermal pollution resulting from the developing countries in large quantities. Are expected to increase the temperature of the earth and oceans between 4 C to 8 C by the year 2100, depending on the pace of global economic growth.

What are the effects of global warming?

Melting ice One result of global warming
The Earth is warming the length and breadth, and the evidence of this abound in multiple places:
* Ice melts in each place where, especially in the north and south poles. This will have a significant and serious implications for water in this planet, and rising sea levels and ocean, and will disappear as a result of a large number of islands scattered in the oceans, and coastal countries will lose an important part of its territory, which would reflect negatively on the productivity of the economic and tourist sites and cultural rights. It is expected sea level rise between 20 and 50 cm by the year 2100.

Evidence abound that the world is currently in between (2010 -2000) to climate change, and hotter temperatures not seen in the ground in its history. As a result:-

1 - increased flooding and destructive storms.
2 - Increased periods of prolonged drought, and breadth of the phenomenon of desertification, the spread of fires.
3 - catastrophic changes in environments of plant and animal populations, which will lead to the extinction of some species of animals like a bear, polar, for example, decreased numbers of some of the other penguins in Antarctica, which decreased in number from 32000 to 11000 in 30 years.
4 - the spread of epidemics and famine, widespread and dangerous.
5 - breeding of insects out of control and destruction of forests.
6 - the destruction of coral reefs and marine environments.
7 - predicting the demise of Arctic ice within (7-5) years.

What can we do?

To save our planet from a similar fate we have to do a variety of the most important actions:-

1-That the United Nations to develop binding agreements for all States, also tried at the Copenhagen conference which concluded in 2009-12-18, but failed because of differences between the advanced industrial countries and developing countries and the dominance of monopolies and capital on the policies of the participating countries.
2-Development of alternative sources of clean energy: as wind, sun, and the generation of electrical energy from water resources and dams.
3-Development of new technologies developed a highly efficient use of energy to become a pillar of the global economy.
4-Every State's obligation to maintain strict legislation on the environment and cleanliness at all levels.
5-The upbringing and education of generations to be on the high level of commitment to environmental conservation and maintenance.

Let us work together to save our beautiful planet and civilization of humanity

Solar energy

Solar energy:- a source of inexhaustible energy, but it is up to us are scattered and need to be a modern technology (solar cells) for compilation and use of, a source of clean is not caused by any use of gas or products harmful to the environment as is the case in other fuels.
The definition of solar cells: - Transformers Voltazaviip convert sunlight directly into electricity, a semiconductor and sensitive scan and surrounded by front and rear cover conductor of electricity.

Benefited rights since the foot of the solar radiation energy directly in many applications drying crops and heating homes. Also used in other areas, have been burned Archimedes Rummani Navy in the war in 212 BC by focusing solar radiation on the vessels of the enemy by the hundreds of metal armors. In the Babylonian priests, the women were using verse gold polished mirrors to concentrate solar radiation to get a shot.
Has also been established in the early first century AD the current international terminal for irrigation, solar energy was mediated by working for five hours per day, near Cairo.
Man tried long ago to take advantage of solar energy exploitation, but as far as small and limited but the great development of technical and scientific progress reached by man opened up a new science in the field of solar energy utilization.

Solar energy conversion:-

Can convert solar energy into electrical energy and thermal energy through the photoelectric conversion mechanisms and the thermal conversion of solar energy, has been manufacturing many models of the solar cells can produce electricity in a scientific manner and is characterized by solar cells that it does not include moving parts or pieces, which do not consume fuel or air pollution and life is long and require little maintenance. Achieved the best use of this technology under the console application of solar radiation (solar module) without any optical concentrators, lenses and therefore can be installed on the roofs of buildings to serve in the production of electricity, efficiency is usually estimated at about 20%, while the rest can be utilized to provide heat for heating and water heating.
The applications of solar water heaters are the most prevalent in the area of the thermal conversion of solar energy. Followed by the most important solar dryers that are frequently used in drying some crops such as dates, as well as others can take advantage of the thermal energy to cook food.
The storage of solar energy research of the most important areas of development needed in the application of solar energy and spread of a wide range, where solar energy is available but it is not at hand and not free, real ones, the words on the equipment used to convert electromagnetic energy into electrical energy or heat, as well as storage if necessary.

Applications on the use of solar energy:-

1-Urban planning and architecture: the design of buildings based on the exploitation of solar energy so that it may hand the south for light and warmth.
2-Plant cultivation and horticulture: machinery used in the management of water pumping, crop drying and hatching chickens and drying chicken manure, greenhouses (glass).
3-Solar lighting: The use of natural sunlight from the most commonly used types of lighting throughout the ages.
4-Heat of the sun: The use of techniques that rely on the exploitation of heat from the sun to heat water and space heating and cooling and the process of generating heat.
5-Water treatment: solar distillation is used to make salt water, water, wheat fit for drinking.
6-Solar cooking: The solar cooker is a device that uses sunlight for cooking, drying and pasteurization. The types are divided into three categories: funds that traps heat and stoves, curved concentrators (Barrapolaaks) and stoves in the form of flat panels.
7-Heat treatment: The means to focus solar energy can provide heat treatment for industrial and commercial.
8-Electricity generation: You can convert sunlight directly into electricity using adapters Voltodoiip (PV) and the process of concentration of solar power (CSP) and many other experimental methods.
9-Solar-powered cars.

Methods of storing solar energy:-

Can not get on solar energy during the night. Thus, energy storage is necessary because modern energy systems need to be a source of energy is available all the time, the thermal mass systems can store solar energy in the form of heat at temperatures useful for domestic purposes, either daily or throughout the season, is a variable-phase materials such as paraffin wax and Glauber's salt sources of thermal energy storage as well. These materials are not expensive and ready to use and can reach temperatures useful for domestic purposes (approximately 64 degrees Celsius), can store solar energy is very high temperatures using molten salts.