Petroleum Technologies(Black Gold)

The origin of oil:-

Grew up oil during the geological ages in the old forests that were breeding in some parts of the earth. Organelles, and marine plankton and aquatic plants, and the fact that organic materials under layers of earth and increase the pressure and turned over millions of years to the oil.

Installation of oil:-

During the liquidation process, the dismissal of the component chemicals in the oil by fractional distillation, a process of separation based on relative boiling points, of various materials resulting from the distillation of oil. And produce various products the order of boiling points, including light gases, such as: methane, ethane analytical chemistry methods, used mainly in quality control in oil refineries.
The oil consists of hydrocarbons and some parts of non-carbon such as nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen, and some small quantities of metals such as vanadium, nickel, and such elements do not exceed 1% of the installation of oil.

History of Oil:-

Were drilled the first oil well in Bouhjar in the fourth century AD or earlier. The oil was burned to evaporate brine and produce salt. By the tenth century, was used bamboo pipe to connect the pipes to the sources of salt water. In the eighth century AD, it is paving new roads in Baghdad with tar, which had been brought from the candidacies of oil in this region. In the nineteenth century, began the oil fields in Baku, Azerbaijan, to produce oil economically for the first time.
The modern history of oil in 1853, discovery of the distillation of oil. Was distilled oil and get it on kerosene by Ignasi Lukasiewicz, a Polish scientist. It was the first rock oil mine is created in the Bobrka, near Krosno in southern Poland, the following year was the first refinery, the U.S. oil industry began with Edwin Drake discovered oil in 1859, near Titusvil - Pennsylvania.

By 1910 was the discovery of large oil fields in Canada, the East Indies, Iran, Venezuela, Mexico, and were developing their industrial exploitation, although even in 1955, coal was the fuel in the world, and oil began to take its place after that.
Today, about 90% of vehicular fuel needs are met by oil. Oil accounts for almost 40% of the total consumption of energy in the United States, but is only 2% of electricity generation. The value of the oil lies in the possibility to move, and the large amount of energy in it, which are the source of most vehicles, and as a feedstock in many industrial chemicals, making it one of the most important commodity in the world.

The environmental impacts of oil:-

Oil has significant environmental, social, and from accidents and routine activities that accompany the production and operation, such as seismic explosions during its production and drilling, and generation of polluting wastes. Oil extraction is costly and sometimes harmful to the environment, at the same time disturb the extraction of oil near the shores of the marine organisms and affect their environment. The oil may involve dredging, which stirs up the bottom of the sea, killing the sea plants that marine creatures need to live. Waste as well as crude oil and distillates, which spread from oil tanker accidents in a catastrophic affect on the environment of living organisms threatened with death and extinction in Alaska, the Galapagos Islands and Spain, and many other places.

Cause burning of oil in the emission of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which contributes to global warming. Energy unit, oil produces less amounts of CO 2 from coal, but more than natural gas. Given the key role of oil and gasoline in personal and public transport, the reduction of emissions of CO 2 is one of the thorny issues in its use.
Alternatives are the sources of renewable energy already exists, although the proportion of this replacement is still small. The sun, wind and other renewable sources impacts on the environment less of oil. And these sources can replace oil in the uses that do not require huge amounts of energy, such as home heating and air-conditioning in homes and the use of fuel cell hydrogen-powered cars to move.

Is there oil in the year 2050?

The pace of current consumption, estimated at 3.5 billion tons a year working on most of depletion of oil wells in the world but the Arab States, where he is expected to produce oil as in the case of Kuwait until the year 2100. But who is also clear that the depletion of oil in many countries such as the United States, Scotland and Norway during the next thirty years will struggle industrialized nations singled Bpetrol the Middle East, will this conflict, high oil prices, which would producers promise only that the conflict may result in the same time political and social instability in those countries because of foreign interference.

Three dimensional

Three dimensional:-Is the common name refers to the vacuum, which has three measurements: width, height and depth (or height). In spherical geometry (geometry of three dimensions) is defined as a branch of mathematics looking at the properties of shapes and solids in a vacuum, the ball and the pyramid.

Three-dimensional design programs:-

Programs used for the spatial three-dimensional designs, and multiple use of such programs are used in making movies, and games, engineering, medicine and many of these programs is the most important:-

1-3ds Max or 3D Studio MAX from the company Autodesk and is one of the most important programs and more three-dimensional efficiency and complexity, controlling the finer details of the spatial and is most effective programs with AutoCAD, which is a product of the same company.
2-Autodesk Maya from the company has won the appreciation of designers in terms of efficiency.
3-Blender Blender Foundation of the company and the advantage of this program as free open-source and features that works on most operating systems Windows, Linux, OSX, BSD, SUN, Rex.

Tidal Energy

Tidal energy or energy Moyotee:- kind of kinetic energy that is storedin the currnets caused by tides resulting naturally from the moon's gravity and the sun and the earth's rotation on its axis and therefore this energy is classified as renewable energy.
Many coastal States began to take advantage of this kinetic energy to generate electricity, thus relieving the pressure on the thermal power plants, reduce pollution and the result of the thermal power stations run on coal or oil.

Methods of exploitation:-

There are two basic ways to generate electricity using the phenomenon of tidal:-
1-Way the construction of dams:-As a port in the Rance station in France, which was built in 1966 and operates 240 MW power.
2-Horoscopes method:-Adopt that method to install a fan or Two fans blow on the tower, which will be a solid fan beneath the surface of the water.

Terms of use and economic benefit:-

They have to be high tide at least 5 meters, so there is the world's 100 sites available where this condition. Also use this technology in salt water shows the metal pieces used to rust and therefore does not need to care and maintenance of permanent and this could raise the cost and thus lower profit.

Plants:-

The first and largest factory built in 1961 in Saint-Malo France, came into force in 1966 and a high tide in this region between 12 and 16 meters, the French to build a dam 750 meters long and going by the lake area of 22 square kilometers and a capacity of 184 million square meters in this Dam 24 slot, and generating capacity equal to 600 million kilowatt hours annually, is also worth mentioning that this dam is used for water storage by the principle of surplus electricity from other laboratories in non-peak hours to re-use of these energy stored in water at peak times.

The proportion of exploitation:-

The rate of exploitation of currents to the 80 per cent if the course using the latest technology and compared with the proportion of exploitation in the thermal gradient is a very high percentage.

Environmentally:-

This energy have received a "friendly environment" is not issued any gas or toxic waste as they take into account many of the fisheries research tried to play down the risks that might be exposed as fish passing near the turbine could have already reduced the proportion of the French damage to fish passing from 15 percent to 5 percent.

Of the dangers posed to fish passing through:-
1 - low pressure .
2 - Collision Balemraouh etc.

The whole world looks to alternative sources of conventional energy (coal - gas - fuel) clean and renewable energy were these aspirations to the sources available around the sun - wind - water. The oceans and seas, and had long had the potential source of alternative energy in the ocean carrying capacity in the form of tides and waves and water currents as the world depends on 90% of its electricity on the traditional sources and there are some countries which were the first to use such modern technology, such as France and England United States of America.
Forty years ago there was a fixed interest in harnessing the power of the tides has been to focus attention on the estuaries, where large volumes of expressing the water through narrow channels, which increases the speed of flow, but there was a large environment problems faced scientists for the implementation of this technique, in the nineties was the spread of fences in tidal channels between small islands and it was a choice more effective than being on the estuaries. Hypothesis and other potential for energy from the oceans and seas is to rely on the temperature difference between surface and deeper waters of this method is still under study, is still industrial technology equipment for tidal energy at the beginning, there will be a long time before you submit a contribution to this new energy to generate energy or used for commercial exploitation, generating energy by using the flow of water is not a new idea has recorded in French GIRARD first patent ever use an energy wave in July 1799.

Parts and components of the tidal stations island:-

Principle of the tidal stations is very similar to what plants to hydropower dam in the station tidal much larger than the water station. The tidal station consists of the following major components:-

1-Basin-range, or downstream to find the right place that contains the downstream essential to the success of this station and the spillway is not man-made and it is normal.
2-This term the checkpoint barrier looks like a wall that separates the basin range from the rest of the sea bottom of this barrier will be installed on the seabed and the top of the barrier above the highest level that can reach the water from the tidal maximum.
3-Sluice gates, which are areas of the barrier that water can flow free of the estuary and out of these gates are not open on a permanent basis where they are controlled by operators Energy Center be appropriate to determine the flow of water to the turbines and tidal these portals do not have a specific location on the barrier term.
4-These same tidal turbines turbines arranged within the barrier range and settle near the bottom of the sea floor and are designed in a manner similar to the turbine steam turbine. Turbines are located between the position of the sluice gates on both side of the sea and the estuary of the barrier-range when you open the gates through which the water rushes to the turbine for electricity generation in accelerating.

Tidal turbine island:-

There are two types of centers of tidal power generation (in terms of the type of turbine):-
The first type:-Single impact, these centers generate energy from the flow of water through turbines in one direction only, like the steam turbine, where you can not work when there is a steam in the opposite direction. Turbines can not work in these centers only when the passage of water in one direction only.
The Second type:-Influence bilateral working turbine bilateral influence on the same principle the only influence almost as a special session begins with a single effect that the water level in the estuary and lower the water level rises in the sea conditions tidal sluice gates open in front of and behind the turbine to the rush of water through turbines to generate electricity, when the water level inside the estuary the same level of water in the sea close the sluice gates. The water level remains high in the estuary and the water in the sea will reach the state of low tide. When the sea water level drops enough to re-open the gates and behind the turbine and the water flows out through the downstream turbine, generating electricity when the passage of water, turbines will generate a bilateral effect more energy than twice the energy generated by turbines single impact, but in practice can not Turbines bilateral influence to generate this amount because of the loss in time due to the closure and open the sluice gates bilateral effect.


States that benefit from this energy:-

Argentina.
Australia.
Canada.
India.
South Korea.
Mexico.
Britain.
the United States.
New Zlnda.
South Africa.
Russia.

Geothermal Energy

Geothermal Energy:-Are a source of alternative energy clean and renewable, and high thermal energy of natural origin in the magma stored in the ground. It is estimated that more than 99% of the mass of the Earth is a rock temperatures exceed 1000 degrees Celsius.

Advantage of this thermal energy mainly in the generation of electricity. In some cases, used for heating when the temperature near the Earth's surface or on the image of hot spring,This renewable energy, in theory, could be enough to cover the world's need of energy for a period of 100000 years to come, however, converted into electrical energy is very expensive, even though the primary energy (raw material) free of charge and widely available but difficult to obtain.

Date human use of geothermal energy:-

Geothermal energy is from renewable energy sources that have been used for a long time through the exploitation of water hot springs. Terms of use dates back to more than 10000 years ago, when American Indians used hot springs to cook their food.

Overview:-

Not available thermal energy directly in nature only in geothermal sources, and that makes it easy to exploit. It is estimated reserves of geothermal energy in the belt depth of 2000 meters below the surface about what produces 250 billion tons of coal energy, in theory could cover that amount of energy the world needs energy for a period of 100000 years to come.
Apportion the sources for obtaining geothermal energy into two categories: hot water, groundwater and hot rocks that are found in active volcanic areas or in the depths beneath the surface of the ground and can take advantage of geothermal water and Ackoralharp in generating electricity and heating water used for heating, in addition to use in many fields of industry, agriculture, the other, in many cases using geothermal energy to heat homes when the temperature near the surface or on the image of hot springs or when the temperature is low (about 65 C), where the cost of extraction and use of reasonable. In Iceland the spreading hot springs, and is used for heating purposes.

Advantages of this energy:-

1-As renewable energy, they are sources of energy that Atnvd at least for the generations to come.
2-Clean energy not harmful to the environment, and do not cause any pollution both in the extraction or in the transfer or use.
3-Available in very large quantities and in the vast majority of countries in the world.
4-Low cost of energy production after the initial costs for the production of the station (which can be expensive).
5-High yield of energy extracted.


Generating electricity using geothermal energy:-

There are three types of power plants using geothermal energy, as follows:-

1-Dry steam plants:-
The oldest and most widespread, the same method used in Italy in 1904. These stations use water from the naturally in the deep layers, which is located under the influence of pressure and temperature prohibitively high, Veetm extracted by drilling deep wells come out in the form of water vapor because of high temperature and because of pressure difference. This steam is moving in the pipes and then displays the turbines spin generators that produce electric power. Condensate water is pumped to the ground by another well called injection wells.
2-Evaporation stations:-
These stations are used in high pressure fluids underground where they are concentrated in the pot with a small hole leading to another container with a moderate pressure, when the movement of fluid from the first vessel to the second through hole evaporates because of the speed difference and the high pressure. Run steam turbine and in turn drives an electrical generator which produces electricity. The remaining condensate water is pumped to the ground through injection wells.
3-Service stations double:-
Use of these stations are underground fluids with high boiling point (about 200 C) is pumped to the top where the water is heated with a normal boiling point (100 C) in another pipe going through the hot side of the tube. The water evaporates, which have been heated due to the heat of the liquid in the tube the other. Drives the steam turbine electric generator and condenses again, it is attributable to the hot side of the tube, and moving this way in the rotation continues. The extracted water is pumped back to the earth through injection wells.

Disadvantages and constraints:-

Despite all the advantages of geothermal energy, which made them at the forefront of alternative energy sources for the future. However, there are some factors that are difficult to spread at least in the present time. Among the most important of these reasons the high cost of establishing power generation of electricity using geothermal energy. The reason is that the difficulty of drilling deep abyss and central temperature is very high.

Natural Gas

Natural Gas:- One of the alternative energy sources for oil fuels high-efficiency low-cost, low-emissions pollute the environment, natural gas energy supplier for the initial task of Chemical Industry.

Since ancient times people observed in several places in the world, such as Dagestan, Turkmenistan, on the Caspian Sea, in the home of the Red Indians of North America Oblac mountains of fire "burning down and coming out of the ground did not know then that that is what is now known as the" natural gas. "
Was used, "natural gas" in "China" as a fuel since 250 AD, and in the seventeenth century was used for heating and lighting in the north of "Italy", as used for street lighting in England in the eighteenth century AD, but was often treated exhaust . Old and could not be moved or stored, which led to its use in areas close to the fields of production, and with a significant growth in the manufacture of "oil" in the nineteenth and twenty-treated "natural gas" outside with the "oil" exhaust and it is usually burned, Now the burning "natural gas" criminal law in many countries of the world.

Consists of natural gas from the plankton, which micro-organisms include algae and the initial died and accumulated in the layers of the oceans and land, and Andguett remains under layers of sediment. And across the millennia, pressure and temperature resulting from a transfer of these sedimentary layers of organic material to natural gas, natural gas does not vary much from DO in the other fossil fuels such as coal and oil.
After forming out in the earth's crust leaking natural gas and oil slowly to the pits small porous rocks that are nearby warehouses to save the raw, and because these rocks are usually filled with water, oil and natural gas - both lighter than water and less dense than the surrounding rock - they move up through the earth's crust over long distances sometimes.

Global reserves of natural gas:-

It is clear that global demand for gas has accelerated greatly exceeded the capacity of many countries to develop the means of production, consistent with the rates of increase in demand, which increases by 3% annually, creating a multiplier applied by the producing countries and consuming countries and in parallel, this led to the cumulative global consumption of natural gas to more than 100 trillion cubic feet of natural gas until 2010, and is expected to increase global demand for the 160 trillion cubic feet until 2030.
And reach the total natural gas reserves in the world - according to figures in 2005 - for about 6112 trillion cubic feet, and the largest reserves of natural gas in the world, in Russia Federation, the amount of U.S. 1680 trillion cubic feet.

Gas production and processing:-

Extract natural gas from wells similar to oil wells there are a lot of gas concentrations at a distance from the beach and transport gas from tube production platforms to the assembly point bordering on the beach and then to the refinery where purified. In the first stage of purification, water continues to Wye other means of gas by gravity then passes through the dry gas cooler where Itsel propane and collecting. And marketed as liquefied petroleum gas as raw materials for the manufacture of chemicals or bottled fuel for heaters and cooking stoves in the home. What is left of natural gas can be pumped through the supply network, or converted to liquid-cooled, pressure, and marketed as liquefied natural gas flow.

Forms of presence of natural gas:-

1-Non-Associated Gases.
2-Associated Gases.
3-Industrial and commercial gas:Inert Gas,Acid Gas,Natural Gas Liquids,Liquefied Natural Gas,
Liquefied Petroleum Gas,Natural Gasoline,Condensate.

Information Security

Information Security: - science that works to provide protection of information from the risks that threaten or attack through providing the necessary tools and means available to protect information from internal or external risks. Standards and procedures taken to prevent access to information by unauthorized persons through communication and to ensure the authenticity of such communications.

The security of information is old, but began to be used effectively since the development of technology and:-

1-Operating systems, protection systems.
2-Protection systems programs and applications.
3-Systems, protection of databases.
4- Access protection systems.

The simplest types of protection is the use of a person who used the definition of use and reliability, legitimacy and the means designed to ensure the use of system or network of the person authorized to use and includes community types of passwords, smart cards used for the definition, the definition of biological means of which depends on the specific attributes of a person related to the user built Diversity keys encrypted and can join this community to close the so-called electronic delineate areas of force.
We note from the above that all this technology has reached the world can not live without the security of information For example, the banking system if there is no security information could any person that enters the system and change up and become a millionaire from nothing.

Classified information:-

To know the degree of protection should be provided, information is classified according to their importance, it is this information does not require protection at all, and can be obtained from want, and which require a degree of protection and can be obtained a certain amount of people, and of which requires the maximum protection and can not be obtained only by one person.

Means of protection:-

Should be prepared by each institution has its own way to provide information security risk within the limits of potential regulatory and budget allocated for protection, and should not be a weak security measures can not guarantee the required protection and not be exaggerated to some extent affect the performance of services in the nature of the information system.

The adoption of information security and auditing:-


Become information systems, databases and networks backbone of world knowledge and industrial, financial, health and other sectors. It became important to maintain the security of the information of the three main elements: confidentiality, propriety and continuity. At the global level highlights of ISO accreditation, evaluation and standardization 27001 to ensure the security of information. There is also a system of HIPAA in the United States to ensure the security of health information system of the ISACA COBIT for the security of information.

Certification of information security experts:-

CISA is the information systems auditor approved one of the leading certification in the management information systems. It is also CISSP certified information security expert testimony supported a task in information security. There are also specialized certificates in most large companies to customize the security of information, such as Microsoft, Cisco and other companies.

Includes the purpose of the preparation of a strategy to ensure security of information provide the following basic elements provide adequate protection of information and systems:-

1-Confidentiality:- to ensure that the information can not be accessed or obtained by the parties are not allowed to do so.
2-Identified:- to ensure the identity of the user of information systems when he wants to deal with, and verify that it is the same user.
3-Safety content-: Make sure that the information is correct and has not been modified.
4-Continuity:- Ensure the maintenance of the information system all the components of computers and software and communication equipment and others, and provide services to beneficiaries.
5-Non-repudiation: the uncertainty of which has something connected with information and the inability to deny having actually this work.
Such as electronic signature and electronic authentication.

Iron high flexibility

Japan researchers designed alloy steel high flexibility can be used in advanced heart surgery and brain in the construction of buildings, an earthquake zone.

The researchers pointed out that the high flexibility of the metal to allow him back into shape and provide him with additional attributes such as flexibility and change in the magnetic stress and the rate of alloy steel is nearly twice the rate of nickel and titanium can be used stents are placed in the tubes of blood vessels to prevent obstruction.

The T. Aomori researcher at the Faculty of Engineering at Tohoku University and a member of the research team, that the rate of stress is very high in the alloy and therefore can be converted to a very high wire he can access the internal part of the body like the brain to the stent. Aomori and added that high-iron alloy flexibility may also be used for buildings in areas prone to earthquakes and earthquake distorts the buildings, but alloy high flexibility to return the buildings to its origin.